This course will provides knowledge on elements and its classification in the periodic table. To make the students to acquire knowldege in the filed of oxidation and reduction, solutions, acids and bases. To learn basic principles involved in metallurgy.
Need for classification of elements– Element - Need for classification of elements. Modern periodic law - Concept of atomic number - Modern periodic law. Periodicity and periodic properties - Concept of periodicity and periodic properties. Periodic properties - Metals and non-metals - Electro negativity and electro positivity. Main features of modern periodic table - Modern periodic table. Classification elements into s and p blocks - Atomic orbitals - Classifications of elements into blocks. Classification and elements into d and f blocks - The classification of d and f - block elements.
General properties of I A group elements- General properties of I A group elements. Physical properties of I A group elements - Physical properties of I A group elements. Oxides of I A group elements - Oxides of I A group elements. Hydrides and halides of I A group elements - Hydrides and Halides of I A group elements. Preparation of NaOH by Castner-Kellner process - Preparation of NaOH by Castner-Kellner process. Physical and chemical properties of NaOH - Physical and chemical properties of NaOH. Chemical properties and uses of sodium carbonate - The chemical properties and uses of sodium carbonate. General properties of II A group elements - The group II A elements (Alkaline earth metals). Characteristics properties of II A group elements - Characteristic properties of group II A elements. Physical properties of II A group elements - Physical properties of group II A elements. Oxides of group II A elements - Oxides of group II A elements. Hydrides group II A elements - Hydrides of group II A elements. Halides of group II A elements - Halides of group II A elements. Chemical properties and uses of CaO, Ca(OH)2, CaCl2 - Calcium oxide (CaO) - Chemical properties and uses of calcium hydroxide - Chemical properties and uses of calcium chloride.
Elements of III A group-general properties - The Groups of p - block elements. Extraction of aluminium (Al) by Hall-Heroult process - Extraction of aluminum from purified bauxite by Hall Heroult process. The oxides and halides of III A group elements - The oxides and halides of III A group elements. Chemical properties and uses of Boric acid and Potash alum - Chemical properties and uses of Boric acid - Chemical properties and uses of Potash Alum. Elements of IV A group-general properties - IV A group elements and trends in the periodic properties. Properties and uses of carbon and silicon - Similarities between carbon and silicon - Uses of carbon and silicon - Differences between carbon and silicon. Allotropy of carbon and silicon and properties and uses of oxides of carbon - Allotropy of carbon and silicon - Oxides of carbon - Properties and uses of carbon dioxide. Allotropic forms of carbon and their uses - Allotropic forms of carbon and their uses. Elements of V A group-general properties - Nitrogen group of elements (V A) and their general properties. Physical and chemical properties of V A group elements - Physical properties of V A group elements - Chemical properties of V A group elements. Preparation of ammonia (NH3) by Haber process - Structure and methods of preparation of ammonia. Properties of ammonia - The physical properties of ammonia - The chemical properties of ammonia. Tests and uses of ammonia - The tests for ammonia - The uses for ammonia. Preparation of Nitric acid(HNO3) by BerklandEyde process - Preparation of Nitric acid by BirkelandEyde process. Physical and chemical properties of Nitric acid(HNO3) - Physical properties of nitric acid - Chemical properties of nitric acid - Actions of nitric acid on organic compounds - Formation of aqua regia and decomposition. Allotropic forms of phosphorus - Allotropic forms of phosphorus. Elements of VI A group-general properties - VI A group elements - General properties of VI A group elements. Physical properties of VI A group elements - Physical properties of VI A group. Chemical properties of VI A group elements - Hydrides of VI A group elements - Halides of VI A group elements - Oxides and oxy-acids of VI A group elements. Preparation, properties and uses of ozone - Introduction to ozone - Preparation of ozone - Physical and chemical properties. Allotropic forms of sulphur and its properties - Allotropic forms of sulphur - Physical and chemical properties of sulphur and uses of sulphur. Heavy water properties and uses - Physical and chemical properties and uses of heavy water. General properties of VII A group elements - VII A group elements and their configuration - Physical properties of halogens - Chemical properties of halogens. Preparation of fluorine(Whyt law - gray's method) - The preparation of fluorine by whytlaw – grays’ method - Physical and chemical properties and uses of fluorine. Preparation of Chlorine (Nelson method) - Preparation of chlorine by (Nelson method) - Physical and chemical properties of chlorine. Preparation of HCL and its properties- Preparation of HCl - Properties and uses of HCl. Preparation, properties and uses of Bleaching powder(Bachman's plant) - The preparation of bleaching powder (Bachman’s Plant) - Properties and uses of bleaching powder.
d- block (Transition) elements and their general properties - Introduction to d-block elements - General properties of d-block elements. General characteristics of d- block(Transition) elements - Characteristic properties of transition elements. Werner's theory of complex compounds - Modern explanation for the formation of complex compounds. Effective Atomic Numbers(EAN) - Effective Atomic Number(EAN).
Basic concepts of solutions – Solution - Types of solutions - Concentrated and dilute solutions. Molarity - Standard solution - Preparation of standard solution - Methods of expressing the concentration of a solution – Molarity - Calculation of molarity - Other relationships involving molarity - Calculation of weight of solute - Dilution law - Principle for neutralisation reactions. Equivalent weight - Equivalent weight - Equivalent weight of acids - Equivalent weight of bases - Equivalent weight of salts. Normality and mole fraction – Normality - Problems on normality - Calculation of weight of solute - Principle of neutralization reactions - Dilution law - Relation between molarity and normality - Mole fraction. Buffer solutions - Buffer solution - Types of buffers - Calculation of pH of Buffers - Characteristics and applications of buffer solutions. Dilute solutions and Raoult's law - Dilute solution - Colligative properties - Raoult's law - Determination of molecular weight of solute from lowering of vapour pressure - Measurement of lowering of vapour pressure. Solubility of a solid in liquid – Solubility - Solubility of solid in liquids - Effect of temperature and pressure - Solubility curves.
Introduction to acids– Acids - Strength of acids. Bases and Arrhenius concept – Bases - Classification of bases - Arrhenius concept and neutralization. Bronsted – Lowry concept and Lewis concept - Bronsted – Lowry concept - Strength of acid and base - Lewis theory. pH scale and numerical problems on pH - pH scale - Problems on pH - pH concept – Problems. Theory of indicators - Theory of Indicators. Ostwald's theory of acid and base indicator - Theory of Acid – Base indicators.
Oxidation-Reduction based on electronic concept- Oxidation reaction - Reduction reaction - Redox reactions. Oxidation number - Oxidation number - Oxidation number in oxidation and reduction reactions - Oxidation number for metals and non-metals. Calculation of oxidation number - Rules for writing oxidation number of some important elements. Rules for balancing of equation by ion-electron method - Rules for balancing the redox reactions by ion-electron method. Balancing equation - Balancing the redox reaction in acidic medium. Balancing equation - Balancing the redox reaction in alkaline medium. Balancing equation - Balancing the redox reaction in acidic medium.
Soft water and hard water – Water - Nature of water. Types of hardness - Types of hardness - Temporary hardness - Causes of permanent hardness. Units of degree of hardness and their relation - Units of hardness. Calculation of total hardness-simple problems (on temporary hardness) - Calculation of CaCO3 equivalents. Osmosis and reverse osmosis - Osmosis and reverse osmosis - Advantages of reverse osmosis.
Occurrence of metals – Metals - Mineral and Ore – Metallurgy. Characteristics of metals - Characteristics of metals. Terms related to metallurgy - Gangue (Matrix) – Flux – Slag. Ore dressing methods - Physical Processes - Extraction of metal from ore - Concentration of ore (Ore dressing). Ore dressing methods - chemical processes - Extracting of crude metal. Reduction methods - Reduction methods. Refining methods of metals - Purification of metals.
