Beginning with the electricity and its fundamental, this learning solution provides an exhaustive coverage of Alternating quantities, Transformer and its connections, D.C. machines and its applications, single phase and three phase induction motors, synchronous machines, special electrical machines. And also it explains the utilization of electric power and domestic wiring.
Basic definitions - Evolution in human comforts - What is engineering ? - Matter - Charge - Voltage and current. Circuit concepts - Electric networks - Network terminology - Classification of electric network. Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff‘s laws - Ohm’s law - How to remember ohm’s law - Limitations of Ohm’s Law - Problems based on Ohm’s law - Kirchhoff’s laws - Branch current method - Problems based on Kirchhoff’s law. Electrical power and energy - Electrical power - Electrical energy. Resistance - Resistance parameter - Resistors - Types of resistor - Resistances in series - Problem based on resistances in series - Problems based on equivalent resistance in series circuit - Resistance in Parallel - Problem based on equivalent resistance in parallel circuit - Problem based on resistances in parallel. Inductance - Inductance Parameter - Inductors - Inductor types - Inductors connected in series without mutual inductance - Inductors are in series with mutual inductance - Problem based on inductance in series - Problem based on series aiding and opposing inductance - n mutual inductance and coefficient of coupling - Inductors connected in parallel without mutual inductance - Inductors connected in parallel with mutual inductance - Problems based on inductance in parallel. Capacitance - Capacitance parameter - Introduction to capacitor - Classification of capacitor - Capacitors in series - Problems based on capacitance in series - Capacitors connected in parallel - Problems based on capacitance in parallel. Constant voltage and current sources - The ideal voltage source - Problems based on constant voltage source - Ideal current source - Problems based on constant current source - Types of sources. Dependent and independent sources - Electrical energy sources - Star and delta connection - Star to delta conversion. Problems on circuit transformation - Problems based star to delta conversion - Problems based delta to star conversion - Mesh analysis of resistive circuits excited by D.C. sources - Problems based on mesh analysis with dc source. Problem based on mesh analysis with dc source - Node analysis of resistive circuits excited by D.C. sources - Procedure to form node basis matrix equation by inspection - Various steps to obtain the solution of node voltages and branch voltages in a circuit - Problems based on node analysis of dc source - Node analysis of reactive circuits. Thevenin's theorem for D.C. excitation - Thevenin's theorem - Problems based on Thevenin's theorem for d.c. excitation. Thevenin's theorem in sinusoidal excitation - Thevenin's theorem (A.C.) - Problems based on Thevenin's theorem for sinusoidal excitation. Maximum power transfer theorem for D.C. excitation - Maximum power transfer theorem - Case 1 - Problems based on maximum power transfer theorem for d.c. excitation. Maximum power transfer theorem for sinusoidal excitation - Maximum power transfer theorem (A.C) - Problems based on maximum power transfer theorem for sinusoidal excitation - Exercise based on maximum power transfer theorem for sinusoidal excitation. Superposition theorem for D.C. excitation - Superposition theorem for D.C. source - Problems based on superposition theorem for d.c. excitation. Superposition theorem for sinusoidal excitation - Superposition Theorem for A.C. circuits - Problems based on superposition theorem for sinusoidal excitation. Norton's theorem for D.C. excitation - Norton's theorm - Problem based on Norton theorem for d.c. excitation. Norton's theorem for sinusoidal excitation - Norton’s theorem (A.C.) - Problems based on Norton theorem for sinusoidal excitation.
Introduction to A.C.- Introduction - Generations of alternating current and voltage. Definition of alternating quantities - Average value and root mean square (R.M.S) value - Calculation of average value by analytical method - Calculation of R.M.S value by analytical method - Sinosoidal waveform representation - Problems based on alternating quantities. Phasor representation of alternating quantities - Introduction to j-operator - Different forms of representing a complex number - Concept of reactance, impedance, admittance and susceptance. Real and reactive power - AC power circuit analysis - Effective values of current and volt age (rms value) - Apparent power - Complex power. Pure resistance in AC circuit - Definition of vector - Problems based on pure resistance in A.C. circuits - Exercise based on pure resistance in A.C. circuits. Pure inductance in A.C. Circuits - A.C. through pure inductive circuit - Problem based on pure inductance in A.C. circuits. Pure capacitance in A.C. circuits - A.C. through pure capacitance - Problems based on pure capacitance in A.C. circuits - Exercise based on pure capacitance in A.C. circuits. RL, RC and RLC series circuits - A.C. through R-L circuit - Problems based on RL series circuits - Exercise based on RL series circuits - A.C. through R-C circuit - Problems based on RC series circuits - Exercise based on RC series circuits - A.C. through R-L-C circuit - Power factor - Problems based on RLC series circuits - Power factor in a.c. circuits - A.C. through parallel R-C circuit - A.C. through RL parallel circuit. Parallel RLC circuit - Solving parallel circuit by 'J' notation method - Problems based on parallel circuit by ‘J’ notation. Three phase system - Polyphase - Three phase system - Advantages of three phase system. Relation between line and phase values of balanced star connection - Phase sequence - Relation between line and phase values of current, voltages and power in star connection - Line and phase voltages of RBY sequence - Star connected source four wire system. Relationship between line and phase values of balanced delta connection - Delta connection - Line and phase voltages of RYB sequence - Power in delta connected system. Three phase loads - Choice of reference phasor in analysis of three phase circuits. Analysis of balanced loads - Four wire star connected balanced load - Three wire star connected balanced load - Delta connected balanced load - Examples based on three phase balanced load - Problems based on three phase balanced load. Analysis of unalanced loads - Three wire star connected unbalanced load - Neutral shift in star connected load - Analysis of three phase unbalanced load by Neutral shift method - Procedure for analysis by neutral shift method - Delta connected unbalanced load - Examples based on three phase unbalanced load. Series resonance - Resonance - Variation of Impedance, Admittance and Current with frequency - Plot of impedance and current as a function of frequency. Q-Factor and Magnification factor - Quality factor of coil and capacitor - Q-Factor of Parallel Circuit - Magnification factor (Q0) in series resonance circuit - Bandwidth and selectivity. Relation between resonance frequency and Half power frequency - Geometrical relation between resonant frequency (f0) and half power frequencies (f1,f2) - Effect of resistance on bandwidth - Relationship between selectivity, bandwidth and quality factor (QO). Parallel resonance - Variation of reactance with frequency - Current in parallel resonant circuit - Parallel L, CR circuit. RLL-RCC and LC parallel circuit - Two branch parallel circuit (or) parallel RLL-RCC circuit - L-C parallel circuit - Magnification in parallel resonant circuit. Problems on series and parallel resonance circuit - Problems based on RLC series resonance circuit - Problems based on RLC resonance circuit - Problems based on resonance circuit - Comparison and uses between series and parallel resonance circuit.
Definitions of magnetism - Magnetic Flux - Definitions concerning magnetic circuit. Concept of magnetic circuits - Magnetic circuits - Series magnetic circuits - Parallel magnetic circuit - Compare magnetic circuit with electric Circuit. Magnetic circuits - Problems based on magnetic circuit. Introduction to electromagnetism - Introduction to magnets - Types of Magnets - Magnetic field. Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction - Introduction - Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction - Problem based on Faraday’s law. Lenz's law and Fleming's law - Direction of induced e.m.f. and current. Principle of self and mutual induction - Induced e.m.f - Dynamically induced E.M.F. - Self inductance - Mutual inductance. Coefficient of coupling - Problem based on coefficient of coupling - Dot rule for coupled circuits. Magnetic field around a straight conductor - Magnetic field around a current carrying conductor - Magnetic field due to straight current carrying conductor. Field pattern of solenoid - Field pattern of a toroid - Energy stored in a magnetic field. Force on a conductor placed on a magnetic field - Force between two parallel current carrying conductors - Force on a current carrying conductor lying in a magnetic field - Magnetic field around a current carrying conductor. Principle of single phase transformers - Necessity of transformer - Transformer and its principle - Step-up and step-down transformer. Construction of single phase transformer - Types of transformer - Essential parts of a transformer - Construction of transformer - Winding - Types of transformers according to the magnetic core - Difference between core type and shell type transformer. Ideal transformer - Elementary theory of ideal transformer. Auto transformers - Special purpose transformer - Saving of copper - Welding transformer - Equivalent Circuit of Auto Transformer. Three-phase Transformers - Introduction - Construction of three phase transformer - Advantages of three phase transformer over single phase transformer - Functions of Transformer Accessories - Buchholz relay. Transformer connection for three phase operation - Three phase transformer connections - Connections of primary and secondary windings of 3-phase transformers - Types of three phase transformer winding connections - Delta/Delta Connection - Wye/Delta Connection - Delta/Wye Connection - Open delta or V-V connection - Conditions for parallel operation of three phase transformers - Choice of transformer connections. Phase conversion -Scott connection for three-phase to two-phase conversion - Three - phase to two - phase conversion and vice - versa - Three/One-phase Conversion - Choice of transformer Connections. Vector groups - Introduction - Idea of winding - Winding connection designations - Phase Displacement between HV and LV Windings - Application of Transformer according to Vector Group - Conversion of Group transformer. EMF equation - E.M.F. equation of transformer - Problems based on E.M.F equation of transformer.
D.C. Generator construction - Construction of D.C. generator- Magnetic frame or yoke - Pole cores and pole shoes - Pole coils - Armature - Commutator - Brushes - Bearings - End covers or end housings - Shaft and Pulley. Working principle of D.C. Generator - Working operation of simple loop generator. Lap and wave winding - Armature windings - Terms used in armature winding - Coil or winding element - Terms used in armature winding - Type of D.C. armature windings. EMF Equation - E.M.F. equation of D.C. generator - Problems based on E.M.F equation of D.C. generator - Exercises based on E.M.F equation of d.c. generator - Flux distribution. Types of generators - What do you mean by excitation? - Classification of D.C. generators - Types of D.C. generator - Series generator - Problems based on d.c. series generator - Exercise based on d.c. series generator. Types of generators - D.C. shunt generator - Problems based on d.c. shunt generator - Exercise based on d.c. shunt generator - Compound generator - Problems based on long shunt compound generator - Exercise based on long shunt lap wound compound generator. Armature reaction - Demagnetizing and cross-magnetizing conductors - Demagnetizing AT per pole - Cross-Magnetizing AT per pole - Compensating windings. Characteristics of D.C. generators - The D.C. generator have following characteristics in general - Load Characteristics D.C. Generators - Load characteristics of D.C. Shunt Generator - Load characteristics of D.C. Series Generator - Load Characteristics D.C. Compound Generators - Applications of D.C. generators. Working principle of D.C. Motor - D.C. motor principle - Working of D.C. motor. Back e.m.f - Signification of the back E.M.F - Importance of back E.M.F. Speed and torque equation - Torque equation - Speed-torque equation - Problems based on motor torque and speed - Exercise based on torque. Types of D.C. motor - Classification of D.C. motor - D.C. series motor - Problems based on d.c. series motor - Exercise based on d.c. series motor - D.C. shunt motor - Problems based on d.c. shunt motor - Exercise based on d.c. shunt generator - D.C. compound motor. Characteristics - D.C. Motor characteristics - Characteristics of D.C. shunt motor - Characteristics of D.C. series motor - Characteristics of D.C. compound motor. Losses, efficiency and power flow - Classification of losses in D.C. motor - Problems based on efficiency of dc motor - Application of d.c. motor.
Single phase induction motors - Introduction to single phase induction motor - Construction - Working principle - Why is single phase induction motor not self starting - Starting of single phase induction motor. Double field theory and Cross field revolving theory - Double field revolving theory - Cross field theory. Types of single phase induction motor - Classification of single phase motor - Split-phase single phase induction motor. Capacitor start type induction motor - Capacitor-start single phase induction motor. Capacitor run type induction motor - Capacitor run single phase induction motor. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor - Capacitor start capacitor run single phase induction motor. Shaded pole induction motor - Shaded pole single phase induction motor. Introduction to three phase induction motor - Advantages and disadvantages of induction motor. Construction of three phase induction motor - The stator - Squirrel cage rotor - Phase wound or slip ring rotor - Comparison of squirrel cage and slip ring induction motor - Application of induction motor. Production of rotating magnetic field - Graphical representation of resultant rotating flux - Slip and slip speed - Problems based on slip and slip speed - Effect of slip on rotor parameters - Rotor reactance, resistance and impedance - Rotor current and power factor - Problems based on rotor frequency - working Principle of three phase induction motor - Phasor diagram of induction motor. Concept of equivalent circuit - Determination of equivalent circuit constants by conducting no load test and blocked rotor test - Blocked rotor test - Equivalent circuit. Torque equation - Torque of 3 phase induction motor - Starting torque of three phase induction motor - Starting current Ist - Condition to obtain maximum starting torque - Torque of induction motor under running condition - Problems. Torque-Slip characteristics - Slip torque characteristics of three phase induction motor - Speed-torque characteristics - Effect of change in rotor resistance on torque - Effect of change in voltage and frequency. Starting methods of three phase induction motor - Starting of induction motor - Direct-switching or line starting of induction motors - Necessity of starting - D.O.L. starter - Star to delta starter - Auto-transformers starter - Relation between starting and F.L. Torque - Rotor resistance starter. Speed control of three phase induction motor - Introduction - Supply frequency control or V/f control - Supply voltage control - Controlling number of poles - Multiple stator winding method - Pole amplitude modulation method - Adding Rheostats in stator circuit - Adding external resistance in rotor circuit - Cascade control method. Slip power recovery system - Introduction - Kramer system - Improved version of Kramer system - Static Kramer systems - Scherbius system - Static Scherbius system - Super synchronous speed operation.
Introduction to synchronous generator - Introduction - Introduction to alternator - Types of alternators - Advantages of polyphase alternator - Difference between D.C. generator and alternator. Principle of operation of alternator - Working principle of synchronous generator - Mechanical and electrical angle - Frequency of induced E.M.F - Synchronous speed (Ns). Construction of alternator - Construction and classification of alternators - Stator - Rotor - Difference between salient pole and non-salient pole rotor - Advantages of stationary armature. Chording factor - Armature winding - Chording of winding - Pitch factor - Distribution or breadth or winding factor. E.M.F equation - Shape of the E.M.F. wave - Problems based on E.M.F equation of alternator - Exercises based on E.M.F equation of alternator. Introduction - Introduction to synchronous motor - Classification of A.C. motors. Operation of synchronous motor - Magnetic locking - Principle operation of synchronous motor - Procedure to start a synchronous motor. Hunting of synchronous motor - Hunting (or) Surging (or) Phase swinging - Prevention of Hunting - Starting methods of synchronous motor - Applications of synchronous motor.
Stepper motor - Introduction - Types of stepper motor - Variable reluctance stepper motor - Operation of stepper motor - Multi stack variable reluctance motor - Construction - Hybrid stepper motor - Introduction - Type of linear induction motor - Applications where the primary is stationary and secondary Moves - Magnetic levitation. Reluctance, Hysteresis, Repulsion and A.C series motor - Reluctance Motor - Hysteresis Motor - Repulsion Principle - A.C. Series Motor - Principle of A.C. Series Motor. Universal motor - Speed control and applications of universal motors - Advantages of universal motors - Trouble shooting for universal motor. Synchros - Applications of Synchros. Two phase servo motor - Servomotors - D.C. Servomotors. Special Motors - Scharge motor - Brushless D.C. motor - Applications of brushless D.C. motor.
Introduction for Power generation - Forms of energy - Generation of electricity - Sources of electrical energy - Types of energy sources - Conventional or non-renewable energy sources. Non-conventional energy source - Need for developing non-conventional method of power generation - Solar power generation - Advantages of solar power - Wind power plants - Working of wind power plants - Advantages of wind power - Introduction to tidal power plant - Advantages of tidal power - Bio-mass energy - Power generation by bio-mass - Advantages of bio-mass. Introduction of electrical lighting - Nature of light and its propagation. Primary and Secondary Cells - Guess! What is the source of power for working of these devices? - What is Cell? - Cell terminology - Introduction of cell - Classification of Cells - Comparison between primary and secondary cell. Chemical reaction of secondary cell - Popular secondary cell - Chemical reactions of lead acid battery - Chemical reactions of lead acid cell during charging - Chemical reaction of nickel iron cell - Charging and discharging reaction nickel cadmium cell. Theory of lead acid cell, materials for separators and containers - Theory of lead acid cell - Construction of lead acid battery - Containers of a lead acid cell - Plates of a lead acid cell - Separators - Vent plugs or filler caps. Effect of temperature on specific gravity of electrolyte - Importance of specific gravity - Effect of temperature on specific gravity of electrolyte - Variation in specific gravity during charging and discharging - Effect of specific gravity on e.m.f. Construction of nickel iron cells - Nickel iron Cell. Application of storage cells - Nickel-cadmium battery - Charging and discharging reaction - Applications of lead-acid battery - Applications of a nickel iron battery - Advantages of nickel cadmium cell over other batteries - Applications of a nickel cadmium cell. Comparison of various - Comparison of lead acid, nickel iron, nickel cadmium cells. Charging methods of batteries - Charging of Batteries. Tariff - Introduction - Desirable characteristics of a tariff - Types of tariff - Maximum demand tariff - TOD tariff - Types of consumer and their tariffs. Effects of power factor and methods of improvement - What is power factor? - Power factor correction - Effect of low power factor on the generating stations - Disadvantages of low power factor - Power factor improvement - Methods of power factor improvement. Service mains - Lamp circuits incorporating main switch, energy meter, fuse cut- out and distribution box - Types of service main (Service line). Wiring system - System of wiring - Tough ribber sheathed (T.R.S.) or cab tire sheathed batten wiring - Conduit wiring - General rules related to wiring. Two way and three way control - One lamp controlled from two places (Stair case wiring) - Three way control of a lamp. Elementary discussion on circuit protective devices - Fuses - Desirable properties of fuses - Types of fuses - Miniature Circuit Breakers. Electrical shock and precaution against shock - Electrical safety - First aid - Electrical safety precautions - Safety precautions in case of fire or while working on an electric pole - Artificial respiration methods - Silvester's method - Mouth to mouth method. Earthing - Methods of earthing - Reason for equipment earthing - Types of earthing - Pipe earthing - Plate earthing.
