This learning solution deals with passive components, basic electronic devices, different applications of semiconductor devices, operational amplifier and its applications.
Passive components - Resistors, Property of resistance, Problem to find resistance. Classification and specifications of resistors - Classification of resistors, Specifications of resistors, Preferred values in resistors. Color coding of resistors - Resistors color coding, Finding the resistance value, Finding the color code from the given resistance value, Colour coding for the resistor. Resistors connected in series and parallel - Resistors connected in series, Problem to find current flow, Problem to calculate current flow, Problem to calculate resistance, Resistors connected in parallel, Problem to calculate resistance, Problem to find current, Problem to find resistance, Problem to find resistance and current. Comparison of carbon and wire wound resistors - Carbon resistors, Wire wound resistors, Comparison of carbon film and wire wound resistors. Capacitors - Introduction to capacitor, Charging and discharging of capacitor. Classification and specifications of capacitor - Classification of capacitor, Fixed capacitors, Mica capacitors, Ceramic chip capacitor, Plastic film capacitor, Specification of capacitor, Different specification of capacitor. Capacitor connected in series and parallel - Capacitors in series, Problem to find total capacitance, Problem to calculate charge and potential difference, Capacitors connected in parallel, Problem to find total capacitance, Problem to find total capacitance and charge. Capacitor colour code, 6 Dot system, Colour bands for ceramic capacitors, Colour bands for tubular ceramic capacitors, Colour code for paper or polyster capacitor, Colour code for moulded paper tubular capacitor, Colour code for mica capacitors. Factors affecting the capacitance of a capacitor - Factors affecting the capacitance of a capacitor, The Dielectric constants of different materials. Inductors - Inductors, Self inductance, Factors affecting the value of inductance. Classification of inductors - Classification of inductors. Specifications of inductors - Specifications of inductors, Inductors connected in series without mutual inductance, Inductors are in series with mutual inductance, Problem to find total inductance, Problem to find total inductance, Problem to calculate coefficient of coupling. Mutual inductance and Coefficient of coupling - Mutual inductance, Coefficient of coupling, Inductors connected in parallel without mutual inductance, Inductors connected in parallel with mutual inductance, Problem to find total inductance, Problem to calculate equivalent inductance. Types of core materials used at different frequencies - Core materials, Silicon iron alloys, Nickel iron alloys, Cobalt iron alloys, Powdered iron core, Ferrite cores, Core materials used at different frequencies. Comparison of various inductors - Comparison of various inductors.
Introduction to semiconductors - Introduction to semiconductors, Bonding in Metals, Energy bands. Electrical properties of materials - Types of materials, Electrical properties of materials. Energy level diagram - Energy bands in solids, Hole and its movements, Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Classification of Semiconductors - Types of Semiconductors, Comparison of Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors. Fermi level in semiconductor - Fermi level in an intrinsic semiconductor, Fermi level in extrinsic semiconductors. Formation of n-type and p-type semiconductor - Doped semiconductors, N-type semiconductor, Formation and conduction in N-type semiconductor, P–type semiconductor, Formation and conduction in P-type semiconductor. Majority and Minority carriers- Majority and Minority carriers, Conduction in semiconductors. PN junction diode - Introduction to PN junction, Formation of PN junction, Formation of depletion region, Barrier potential, Band structure of PN junction. Operation of PN junction diode - Biasing of PN junction diode, Forward biasing of PN junction diode, Effect on the depletion region and barrier potential, Reverse biasing of PN Junction diode, Breakdown in reverse biased, Comparison of breakdown mechanism, V-I characteristics of a diode. Diode equation - Diode equation. Diode resistance - Diode resistance, Forward resistance, Reverse resistance. Diode equivalent circuit - Diode equivalent circuit, Piecewise-Linear equivalent circuit, Simplified equivalent circuit, Ideal equivalent circuit, Summary (Diode equivalent circuits). Diode capacitances - Diode capacitances, Transition capacitance, Diffusion capacitance. Zener diode - Introduction of Zener diode, Zener breakdown, Avalanche breakdown, Differences between Zener and Avalanche break downs. Zener diode characteristics - V-I Characteristics of Zener diode, Specifications of Zener Diode, Application of Zener Diode. Specifications and applications of diodes - Diode – Variants, Diode numbering, Specifications of diodes, Applications of PN junction diodes. Solved problems for semiconductor - Problem to calculate reverse and forward resistance, Problem to calculate DC and dynamic forward resistance, Problem to calculate diode current, Problem to calculate forward diode current, Problem to calculate forward voltage drop. Rectifiers-Need of rectifier, Classification of rectifiers. Halfwave rectifier - Halfwave rectifier, Halfwave rectifier parameters, Average DC load current and Average DC load voltage, R.M.S. value of load current and load voltage, DC power output and AC power input, Rectifier efficiency, Ripple factor and Load current, Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) and Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF),Voltage regulation, Advantages and disadvantages of HWR. Center tapped full wave rectifier - Center tapped full wave rectifier, Full wave rectifier, Maximum load current, Average DC load current and voltage, RMS value, power input and power output, Rectifier efficiency, Ripple factor, Load current, Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV),Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF),Voltage regulation, Advantages and disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier (FWR).Full wave bridge rectifier- Full wave bridge rectifier, Full wave bridge rectifier, Expression for various parameters, Advantages and disadvantages of Bridge Rectifier (BR),Comparison of half wave, full wave and bridge rectifier. Clipper Circuit - Introduction of clipper, Classification of clipper, Applications of clippers. Positive clipper - Positive clipper, Series positive clipper, Shunt (Parallel) positive clipper (Slicer). Negative clipper - Negative clipper, Series type negative clipper, Shunt (Parallel) type negative clipper. Clampers - Introduction of Clampers, Negative clamper, Operation of Negative clamper, Operation of Positive clamper, Applications of clampers. Voltage regulators - Introduction of voltage regulation, Types of voltage regulators, Zener diode shunt regulator, Stability factor for Zener voltage regulator, Advantages and disadvantages of Zener voltage regulator, Transistor shunt regulator, Emitter follower series voltage regulator. Light Emitting Diode (LED)-Introduction of Light Emitting Diode (LED), Construction of LED, Basic operation of LED, Advantages and Disadvantages of LED, Applications of LED. Varactor diode - Varactor diode, Working principle of varactor diode, Doping profile in varactor diode, Applications of varactor diodes. Tunnel diode - Introduction to tunnel diode, Tunnel diode construction, Principle of tunnel diode, Equivalent circuit of the tunnel diode, Comparison of tunnel diode and conventional diode. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) - Introduction to LCD, LCD crystal types, LCD operation, Applications of LCD, Advantages and Disadvantages of LCD.
Transistor - Introduction of transistor, Formation of transistor, Types of transistor, PNP transistor, NPN transistor, Transistor as an amplifier in CB configuration, Transistor configurations, Operation region of a transistor (CB configuration). Transistor configurations - Common base configuration, Common emitter configuration, Common collector configuration. Characteristics of transistor - Input characteristics of a transistor in a CB configuration, Output characteristics of a Transistor in CB configuration, Three regions in the output characteristics of CB Configuration, Input characteristics of CE configuration, Output characteristics of CE configuration, Three regions in the output characteristics of CE-Configuration, Input and Output characteristics of CC configuration. Solved problems for transistor- Problem to calculate collector current and emitter current, Problem to calculate Base Current, Problem to calculate Collector Current, Problem to calculate common emitter gain, Problem to calculate Emitter Current. Transistor load lines - Introduction to transistor load lines, DC load line, AC load line. Introduction to operating point and load lines - Introduction to operating point and load lines. Need for biasing - Operation region of a transistor, Introduction of need for biasing. Operating point - Operating point and Stability factor, Selection of operating point, Variation of quiescent point. Fixed bias using a PNP transistor - Fixed bias using a PNP transistor, Stability factor S, Stability factor, S', Stability factor, S'', Advantages and disadvantages of fixed bias circuit, Problem to find stability factor S, Problem to determine RC. Emitter stabilized bias circuit - Emitter stabilized bias circuit, Circuit analysis, Problem to determine IB, IC, VCE, VC, VE and VBC, Stability improvement. Voltage divider bias / Self bias circuit - Voltage divider bias / Self bias circuit, Simplified circuit of voltage divider bias, Problem to calculate VCE and IC, Problem to find the q – point, Stability factor for Voltage divider bias, Voltage divider (self ) Bias using PNP transistor, Design example. Solved problems for Voltage divider bias / Self bias circuit - Problem to calculate VCE and IC, Problem to find the q – point, Design example. Collector to base bias circuit - Collector to base bias circuit, Problems to determine IC and VC, Design Examples, Modified collector to base bias circuit, Problems to determine operating point, Stability Factor S for collector to base bias circuit, Stability factor, S', Stability factor, S'', Problems to determine RB, Problems to determine operating point of the circuit. Emitter follower - Small signal analysis of common collector (emitter follower) amplifier, Derivation of Ri, Av, Ai, Derivation of Ro. Bias stabilization - Bias stabilization, Temperature, Transistor current gain β, Requirements of a biasing circuit. Small signal analysis of amplifiers – Introduction, Small signal analysis of Common Emitter (CE) amplifier, Small signal analysis of Common Collector (CC) amplifier, Small Signal analysis of Common Base (CB) amplifier, Comparison of transistor configurations. Small signal analysis using simplified h-Parameter model - Analysis using Simplified Hybrid Model, Analysis of Common Emitter Circuit using Simplified Hybrid Model, Analysis of Common Collector Circuit using Simplified Hybrid Model, Analysis of Common Base Circuit using Simplified Hybrid Model. Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) - Introduction to field effect transistor, Terminal details of JFET, Classification of Field Effect Transistor (FET), Introduction of Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET), Construction of N and P-channel JFET, Operation of JFET. Characteristics of JFET - JFET Parameters, JFET Characteristics, Advantages and Disadvantages of JFET over BJT, Features and applications of JFET, Difference between N-channel and P-channel JFET, Difference between FET and BJT. Small signal analysis of JFET - Small signal analysis of JFET, Approximate a.c. equivalent circuit, Common source amplifier with fixed bias, Analysis of common source amplifier with fixed bias, Problem to determine input impedance, output impedance and voltage gain. MOSFET - Introduction of MOSFET, MOSFET structure, Classification of MOSFET. EMOSFET - Construction of a N-channel enhancement MOSFET, Operation of enhancement MOSFET, Drain and transfer characteristics, Comparison of D-MOSFET and E-MOSFET, Comparison between N-Channel and P-Channel MOSFET. DMOSFET - Construction of depletion MOSFET, Operation of MOSFET, Drain and transfer characteristics.
Operational amplifier- Introduction to operational amplifier, Circuit symbol and packages, OP-AMP terminals, Power supply connections. Ideal and practical characteristics of op-amp - Ideal parameters of op-amp, Practical parameters of op-amp. Differential Amplifier - Differential Amplifier, Transfer Characteristics. Inverting amplifier and voltage follower - Inverting amplifier, Circuit diagram of inverting amplifier, Input and output resistance of inverting amplifier, Circuit diagram and operation of voltage follower, Advantages and applications of voltage follower. Non-inverting amplifier - Circuit diagram of non - inverting amplifier, Input and output resistance of non-inverting amplifier. Summing and Difference amplifier - Summing amplifier, Difference amplifier. Integrator and Differentiator – Integrator, Input and output waveforms of integrator, Differentiator, Input and output waveforms of differentiator. Op-amp parameters - Op-amp parameters. Differential and common mode operation - Low Frequency Small Signal Analysis of Differential Amplifier, Differential mode gain, Common-mode gain, Circuits for improving CMRR, Improved current source circuits, Input resistance, Active Load, Level translator, Output stage. Examples of IC op-amps - Motorola MC1530 op-amp, 741 op-amp. Analysis of data sheets of an op-amp - Analysis of data sheets of an op-amp, Electrical parameters in data sheet.
