This learning solution provides the coverage of Flow through circular conduits, Laminar and Turbulent flow, Orifice and Open channel flow, Pumps and Hydraulic machines
Introduction – Types of fluid flow. Flow through pipes - Loss of energy in pipes, Major loss in pipe, Pipe roughness, Friction factor, Moody chart, Minor energy losses, Loss of head due to sudden enlargement and contraction, Loss of head at the entrance and exit of a pipe, Loss of head due to an obstruction and bent in a pipe, Other minor losses in pipe, Hydraulic gradient and total energy. Problems on losses of flow in pipe. Flow through pipes in series and parallel - Flow through parallel pipes, Flow through pipes in series, Equivalent pipe, Problem on flow through pipes. Friction losses in fittings and Bernoulli equation - Equivalent length, Form-friction losses in the Bernoulli equation. Pipe networks - Water distribution system, Layout of water distribution, Pipe networks, Hardy cross method of solution, Problem. Surge analysis in pipes - Water hammer in pipes, Pressure rise due to gradual closure and sudden closure of valve, Problems.
Characteristics of Laminar and turbulent flow – Reynolds’ experiment, Significance of Reynolds number, Reynolds number for non newtonian fluids, Laminar flow, Friction factor in turbulent flow, Effect of roughness, Usage of friction factor chart. Hagen-Poiseuille equation - Turbulent flow in pipes. Flow of viscous fluid through circular pipe - Problem on laminar and turbulent flow. Flow of viscous fluid between two parallel plates - Problem on Laminar and Turbulent flow.
Orifice – Introduction, Flow through on orifice, Hydraulic coefficicients, Discharge through a large rectangular orifice, Discharge through fully submerged orifice, Discharge through partially submerged orifice, Problem based on Orifice. Mouthpiece - Flow through an external cylindrical mouthpiece, Flow through internal or Re-entrant on Borda’s mouthpiece, Problem based on Mouthpiece. Notches and weir - Introduction, Classification, Discharge over a rectangular notch and triangular notch, Advantages of triangular notches, Discharge over a trapezoidal notch and broad crested weir. Ventilation of weirs, Submerged weirs. Problems.
Introduction to pumps – Classification of pumps. Reciprocating Pump – Classification, Single acting and double acting reciprocating pump, Plunger pump, Diaphragm pump, Expression for discharge, work done and power required for single reciprocating pump, Problem on impact of jets, Air vessel. Rotary pump - Internal gear pump, External gear pump, Screw pump, Lobe and Vane pump. Centrifugal pump - Construction of centrifugal pump, Working of centrifugal pump, Multistage centrifugal pump. Performance of centrifugal pump - Priming of centrifugal pump, Cavitation of centrifugal pump, Workdone by centrifugal pump, Head and efficiency of centrifugal pump, Characteristics curves of centrifugal pump, Model analysis for Centrifugal pump, Net Positive Suction Head, Water hammer. Problems on centrifugal pump.
Impact of jets – Introduction, Force exerted by the jet on a fixed vertical and inclined flat plate, Problem on impact of jets, Force exerted by jet on the moving plate, Moving flat plate arranged on rim, Problem on impact of jets, Impact of jet on the fixed curved plates, Jet striking an unsymmetrical vane at one of its tips, Impact of Jet on a series of vanes fixed of a wheel, Problem on impact of jets. Euler's equation. Theory of roto - dynamic machines - Hydraulic Machines. Velocity component of the inlet and exit. Introduction to turbine - Water turbines installed in India, Hydraulic terms, Derivation of water power equation, Classification of hydraulic turbine. Pelton Wheel turbine - Velocity triangle for pelton wheel turbine, Problems. Francis and kaplan turbine - Velocity triangle, Kaplan turbine, Problems. Draft tube - Efficiency of Draft Tube, Problems. Turbine specification and characteristics - Specific speed, Characteristics curves of hydraulic turbine, Comparison between Impuse and reaction turbine, Comparison between francis and kaplan turbine, Governing of water turbine, Governing of pelton wheel, Governing of francis turbine, Model analysis for turbine, Selection of type of turbine, Cavitation in reaction turbines, Surge tank, Types of Surge tank.
