This learning solution gives a brief explanation about sanitary engineering, disposal of sewage, sewers, sewer construction, sewer appurtenances, Characteristics of sewage, septic tank, sedimentation tank, solid waste disposal and building sanitation. It also explains about the causes , Effects and control of air pollution.
Introduction to sanitary engineering – Objects of sewerage works, Terms used in sanitary engineering. Systems of sewage disposal - Collection and conveyance of sewage, Water carriage system, Comparison. Types of sewerage systems - Systems of sewerage, Comparison of system of sewerage. Quantification of sewage flow - Quantity of sewage, Factors influencing the estimation of DWF, Variation in rate of sewage. Storm water flow and runoff estimations - Estimation of storm water, Rational method, Storm water flow by empirical formulae, Time of concentration of storm water. Surface drain - Requirements of a surface drain, Section or shapes in surface drains. Limiting velocities of flow and Use of nomograms table - Self cleansing velocity of flow in sewers, Hydraulic formulae used in the design of sewers, Gradient in sewers, Nomograms. Problems on design of sewers - Steps involved in design of sewer lines. Rural areas and Rural sanitation - Rural water supply and sanitation, Sources of water in rural areas, Collection and disposal of waste. Precautions for rural sanitation - Poor sanitation, Precaution for rural sanitation, Construction of rural latrines. Types of latrines - Pit privy, Bore hole latrine, Aqua privy, Cess-pools. Bio-Gas - Bio-gas plant, Bio-gas production technology, Factors affecting the bio-gas production. Construction and working of bio-gas plant - Types of bio-gas plant, Advantages and disadvantages of bio-gas.
Different types of sewers – Shapes of sewers. Materials used in sewer construction - Factors considered in the material selection. Steps involved in laying of sewers - Testing of sewer pipe, Back filling. Sewer appurtenances - Parts of manhole, Street inlet, Catch basins, Flushing tanks, Inverted siphon. Components of a pumping station - Necessity of pumping sewage.
Strength of sewage – Sampling of sewage, Precautions of sampling, Characteristics of sewage. Analysis of sewage and significance of tests on sewage - pH-value and chloride tests on sewage, Chemical oxygen demand, Bio-chemical oxygen demand. Characteristics of industrial wastewater - Effects of industrial wastewater. Principles of treatment of industrial wastewater - Objectives of the wastewater treatment - Process of wastewater treatment, Screenings and their disposal. Skimming tanks and grit chambers - Working of grit chambers - Disposal of grits, Sedimentation tank, Primary sedimentation. Design of Sedimentation tank - Secondary treatment - Trickling filters, Working of trickling filters, Merits and demerits of trickling filters. Activated sludge process - Working of activated sludge process. Sludge digestion - Sludge treatment process. Methods of sludge disposal - spreading on farm land, Dumping and disposal by land filling, Sludge lagooning, Disposal in water or sea. Septic tank - Construction of septic tank, Working of septic tank, Advantages and disadvantages of septic tank. Imhoff tank – Design considerations, Advantages and disadvantages of Imhoff tank. Septic tank design - Detention period method, Rational method, Methods of disposal of sewage.
Solid waste – Classification of solid waste based on origin and properties. Composition of refuse - Classification of refuse. Collection of refuse - Factors affecting the collection of refuse. Collection of solid wastes - Methods of disposal of solid wastes, Uncontrolled dumping, Sanitary landfilling. Methods of disposal of solid wastes – Incineration, Composting, Reduction and grinding, Salvaging. Composting plant - Equipments involved in compost process, Cranes and hoppers, Screens and separators, Grinding and conveyors, Mechanized silo digesters, Typical service standards. Sources of wastewater in buildings - Aim of building drainage, Various terms used in building drainage. Wastewater conveyance system in building - Requirements of good drainage system in building. Design of domestic drainage system - Principle of planning and design of house drainage, Layout of sanitary fittings to house drainage, House drainage in single and multi storey building. Plumbing systems - Single stack system, One-pipe system, Two-pipe system. Sanitary Fittings- traps - Classification of traps according to shape, Classification of traps according to use. Water closets and flushing cisterns - Indian type water closet, European type water closet, Flushing cisterns. Sanitary fittings – Urinals, Sinks, Inspection chambers, Anti-syphonage pipe. Inspection of building drainage system - Testing of drainage system, Maintenance of building drainage system.
Air Pollution – Sources of air pollution, Effects of air pollution. Control of air pollution. Air pollution controlling devices and equipments - Internal separators and gravity settling chamber, Cyclones, Fabric filters. Wet collection devices - Cyclonic scrubber, Venturi scrubber, Electrostatic precipitator, Air pollution controls by vegetation and stacks.
