Electronics Engineering

Features Includes:

  • 209 - 3D/2D Animation
  • 681 Pages of Content
  • 60 Lecture Hours
  • 28 Solved Problems
  • 166 Quiz
  • Suitable for All Technical University Syllabus

Course Description

This learning course deals with semiconductor diode, Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET), Rectifiers and Power supplies, Feedback amplifier, oscillators and operational amplifiers

OBJECTIVES:

  • To familiarize the working and characteristics of diode
  • To learn about the operation and applications of BJT
  • To know about the construction, operation and applications of FET
  • To study about diode circuits and power supplies
  • To gain knowledge about feedback amplifier, oscillator and operational amplifier
UNIT I – SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE

Electrical properties of materials - Types of materials - Electrical properties of materials. Energy level diagrams of conductors, semiconductors and insulators - Energy bands in solids - Hole and its movements - Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Classification of Semiconductors- Types of Semiconductors - Comparison of Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors. Formation of n-type and p-type semiconductor- Doped semiconductors - N - type semiconductor - Formation and conduction in N - type semiconductor - P - type semiconductor - Formation and conduction in P - type semiconductor. Majority and Minority carriers- Majority and minority carriers - Conduction in semiconductors. PN junction diode- Introduction to PN junction - Formation of PN junction - Formation of depletion region - Barrier potential - Band Structure of PN Junction. Operation of PN junction diode- Biasing of PN junction diode - Forward biasing of PN junction diode - Effect on the depletion region and barrier potential - Reverse biasing of PN junction diode - Breakdown in reverse biased - Comparison of breakdown mechanism - V-I characteristics of a diode. Diode equation- Diode equation. Temperature effects- Temperature effects - Reverse saturation current - Cut-In voltage. Diode equivalent circuit- Diode equivalent circuit - Piecewise-Linear equivalent circuit - Simplified equivalent circuit - Ideal equivalent circuit - Summary (Diode equivalent circuits).Diode capacitances- Diode capacitances - Transition capacitance - Diffusion capacitance. Diode switching times- Diode switching characteristics - Analysis of diode circuits - Diode models - Diode parameters. Zener diode- Introduction of zener diode - Zener breakdown - Avalanche breakdown - Differences between Zener and Avalanche break downs. Zener diode characteristics-V-I Characteristics of Zener diode - Specifications of Zener Diode - Application of Zener Diode. Varactor diode-Varactor diode - Working principle of varactor diode - Doping profile in varactor diode - Applications of varactor diode. Display devices-Introduction of displays - Seven segment display using LED's - 5 x 7 Dot matrix display using LED. Light Emitting Diode (LED)-Introduction of Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Construction of LED - Basic operation of LED - Advantages and Disadvantages of LED - Applications of LED. Photodiode-Introduction of photodiode - Working and characteristics of photodiode - Advantages and disadvantages of photodiode - Applications of photodiode. Solar cell- Introduction of photo voltaic cell - Working and characteristics of photo voltaic cell - Advantages and Applications of solar cells. Solved problems for semiconductor- Problem to calculate reverse and forward resistance - Problem to calculate DC and dynamic forward resistance - Problem to calculate diode current - Problem to calculate forward diode current - Problem to calculate forward voltage drop.

UNIT II - BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

Transistor- Introduction of transistor - Formation of transistor - Types of transistor - PNP transistor - NPN transistor - Transistor as an amplifier in CB configuration - Transistor configurations. Transistor current components - Current components in transistor. Transistor configurations - Common base configuration - Common emitter configuration - Common collector configuration. Characteristics of transistor- Input characteristics of a transistor in a CB configuration - Output characteristics of a Transistor in CB configuration - Three regions in the output characteristics of CB-Configuration - Input characteristics of CE configuration - Output characteristics of CE configuration - Three regions in the output characteristics of CE-Configuration - Input and Output characteristics of CC configuration. Comparison of three configurations - Comparison of three configurations. Transistor load lines - Introduction to transistor load lines - DC load line - AC load line. Introduction to operating point and load lines - Introduction to operating point and load lines. Need for biasing - Operation region of a transistor - Introduction of need for biasing. Need for bias stabilisation- Causes for instability of biasing - Need for bias stabilization. Stability factor - Stabilization - Stability factor - Stability factor for different types of biasing circuits - Method of stabilizing the q point to the extent possible. Different types of BJT biasing - Requirements of biasing circuits - Types of biasing circuits - Fixed bias circuit - Collector to base resistor bias - Collector to base bias derivations - Advantages and disadvantages of collector to base resistor bias - Voltage divider bias (or) Self bias (or) Potential divider bias - Advantages of self bias. Transistor as an amplifier - Introduction of amplifier - Active devices used for amplification - Transistor as an amplifier - Introduction - CE configuration is most widely used in amplifier circuit - Regions of operation of a transistor - Salient points of C.E. amplifier - Transistor as a switch. RC coupled amplifier - RC coupled amplifier - Frequency response of RC coupled amplifier - Advantages and disadvantages of RC coupled amplifier. Transistors parameters and specification - Alpha, Beta and Gamma factors - Current amplification factor - Specification of transistor - Different types of packages in transistor. Solved problems for transistor - Problem to calculate collector current and emitter current - Problem to calculate Base Current - Problem to calculate Collector Current - Problem to calculate collector emitter voltage - Problem to calculate αd.c and βd.c - Problem to calculate Emitter Current.

UNIT III - JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR

Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) - Introduction to field effect transistor - Terminal details of JFET - Classification of Field Effect Transistor (FET) - Introduction of Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) - Construction of N and P-channel JFET - Operation of JFET. Characteristics of JFET - JFET Parameters - JFET Characteristics - Advantages and Disadvantages of JFET over BJT - Features and applications of JFET - Difference between N-channel and P-channel JFET - Difference between FET and BJT. MOSFET - Introduction of MOSFET - MOSFET structure - Classification of MOSFET. EMOSFET - Construction of a N-channel enhancement MOSFET - Operation of enhancement MOSFET - Drain and transfer characteristics - Comparison of D-MOSFET and E-MOSFET - Comparison between N-Channel and P-Channel MOSFET. DMOSFET - Construction of depletion MOSFET - Operation of MOSFET - Drain and transfer characteristics. MOSFET biasing - Introduction - Operation of MOSFET - Biasing enhancement MOSFET - Biasing of depletion MOSFET. Power MOSFET - Power MOSFET. Phototransistor - Introduction of photo transistor - Operation and characteristics of photo transistor. Unijunction Transistor (UJT) - Unipolar Junction Transistor (UJT) - Equivalent circuit of UJT - Working of UJT. Characteristics of UJT - Characteristics of UJT - UJT Relaxation Oscillator - Features of UJT - Applications of UJT. Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) - Silicon controlled rectifier - Power control using SCR - Operation of SCR - Characteristics of SCR - DC power control using SCR - Applications of SCR. Solved problems for JFET - Problem to calculate the drain current - Problem to calculate drain current and transconductance - Problem to calculate the drain current and voltage - Problem to calculate source resistance - Problem to calculate gate source voltage.

UNIT IV - DIODE CIRCUITS AND POWER SUPPLIES

Diode circuits and power supply - Diode circuits - Power supplies. Clipper circuits - Introduction of wave shaping circuit - Classification of clipper - Introduction of positive clipper - Series positive clipper - Shunt (Parallel) positive clipper (Slicer) - Introduction of Negative clipper - Series type negative clipper - Shunt (Parallel) type negative clipper. Clampers - Introduction of clampers - Negative clamper - Operation of negative clamper - Operation of positive clamper. Voltage multipliers - Voltage multipliers - Types of multipliers - Half Wave Voltage Doubler - Full Wave Voltage Doubler - Voltage Tripler - Voltage Quadrupler. Rectifiers - Need of Rectifier - Classification of rectifiers. Half wave rectifier - Half wave rectifier - Half wave rectifier parameters - Average DC load current and Average DC load voltage - R.M.S. value of load current and load voltage - DC power output and AC power input - Rectifier efficiency - Ripple factor and Load current - Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) and Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF) - Voltage regulation - Advantages and disadvantages of HWR. Center tapped full wave rectifier - Full wave rectifier - Maximum load current - Average DC load current - RMS value, power input and power output - Rectifier efficiency - Ripple factor - Load current - Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) - Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF) - Voltage regulation - Advantages and disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier. Full wave bridge rectifier - Bridge Rectifier (BR) - Expression for various parameters - Advantages and disadvantages of Bridge Rectifier - Comparison of half wave, full wave and bridge rectifier. Filter - Filter - Inductor filter or (Choke filter) - Ripple factor - Capacitor (C) filter - Ripple factor - LC filter - Ripple factor - Advantages and Disadvantages of LC filters. Zener voltage regulator - Introduction of voltage regulation - Zener regulator - Simple zener voltage regulator - Stability factor for zener voltage regulator - Advantages and Disadvantages of zener voltage regulator. Series and shunt type regulator - Types of voltage regulators - Purpose of series voltage regulator - Series voltage regulator - Advantages and Disadvantages of series voltage regulator - Shunt voltage regulator. Power supply - Introduction to necessity of DC power supply - Introduction of power supply - Classification of power supply - Linear mode power supply - Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS). Solved problems for rectifier - Problem to calculate Ripple Factor - Problem to calculate Ripple Voltage - Problem to calculate Load Voltage - Problem to calculate Capacitance - Problem to calculate Ripple Voltage - Problem to calculate Peak Rectified Voltage - Problem to design a half wave rectifier - Problem to design a full wave rectifier.

UNIT V - FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER, OSCILLATORS AND OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Negative and positive feedback- Introduction to feedback, Positive and negative feedback, Advantages and disadvantages, Comparison of positive and negative feedback. Block diagram of negative feedback - General feedback structure. Properties of negative feedback - Gain Desensitivity, Bandwidth Extension, Noise Reduction, Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion. The four basic feedback topologies - Basic feedback topologies, Voltage amplifiers, Current amplifiers, Transconductance amplifiers, Transresistance amplifiers. The Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier - The ideal situation, The practical situation. The Series-Series feedback amplifier - The ideal case, The practical case. The shunt – shunt feedback amplifier - The ideal case, The practical case. The Shunt - series feedback amplifier - The ideal situation, The practical situation. Effect of negative feedback on the amplifier poles - Effect of negative feedback on performance parameters, Effect of negative feedback on overall gain, Effect of negative feedback on gain stability, Effect of negative feedback on input impedance, Effect of negative feedback on output impedance, Effect of negative feedback on bandwidth, Effect of negative feedback on noise, Effect of negative feedback on harmonic distortion. Oscillator -Introduction to Oscillator, Types of oscillators, Basic theory of oscillator, Comparison between amplifier and oscillator. Requisites and Classification of oscillators - Requisites of an oscillators, Classification of oscillators, Applications of oscillators. Barkhausen criterion - Barkhausen criterion. Introduction to ICs - Introduction to integrated circuits, Classification of ICs, Advantages and disadvantages of ICs. Operational amplifier - Introduction to operational amplifier, Circuit symbol and packages, OP-AMP terminals, Power supply connections. Ideal operational amplifier - The ideal operational amplifier. Application of operational amplifier - Applications of op-amplifier. Inverting amplifier - Inverting amplifier, Circuit diagram of inverting amplifier, Input and output resistance of inverting amplifier. Non-inverting amplifier - Circuit diagram of non - inverting amplifier, Input and output resistance of non-inverting amplifier. Summing and Difference amplifier - Summing amplifier, Difference amplifier. Constant gain multiplier - Constant gain multiplier, Problem to find output voltage, Problem to find three-input summing amplifier. Voltage follower - Circuit diagram and operation of voltage follower, Advantages and applications of voltage follower. Comparator - Introduction to comparator - Non inverting comparator - Inverting comparator. Integrator and Differentiator - Integrator - Input and output waveforms of integrator – Differentiator - Input and output waveforms of differentiator.