This course describes and delivers the knowledge on various renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, biogas and tidal power plants. And also it explains the economics of power generation and importance of power factor.
Hydroelectric power plant - Introduction to hydro-electric power stations - Requirements of hydro-electric plants - Working principle of hydro-electric power stations - Surge tank - Types of surge tanks – Forebay - Spill gates - Head works – Conduits – Tunnels. Selecting the site of hydel power stations - Factors to be considered for selecting the site of hydel power stations - Merits and demerits of hydro-electric plant. Hydrology and hydrograph - Hydrology and hydrograph. Water power equation - Definitions of hydraulic terms - Derivation of water power equation – Problems. Classification of Hydro-electric power station - Classification according to availability of water head - Medium head hydro electric power plants - High head hydro electric power plants - Classification according to type of load supplied - Classification of hydro power stations on the basis of hydraulic considerations - Classification of hydro-electric power plants on the basis of location - Main requirements of high-head hydroelectric power station. Introduction to turbines - Pelton wheel and Francis turbine - Kaplan and propeller turbines. Characteristics of water turbines - Water turbines for hydro electric station. Small hydro and underground power plant - Small hydro power plant - Underground power plant. Choice and number of units - Choice and number of units.
Introduction-solar energy - Solar radiation - Solar constant - Advantages of solar energy - Limitations of solar energy. Measurement of solar radiation - Instruments for measuring solar radiation - Pyranometer - Solar energy conversion. Solar collectors - Flat plate collectors or non-concentration type - Liquid flat plate collector - Air flat plate collector or solar air heater. Concentrating and non-focusing collectors - Concentrating collectors - Point focusing collectors - Non-focusing type. Solar energy storage - Methods of storing solar energy - Important storage methods - Solar pond - Solar pond electric power plant. Solar energy applications - Solar water heater - Forced circulation solar water heater. Solar space heating and cooling - Solar space heating - Active system - Solar space cooling. Solar still, dryer and cooker - Solar still or solar distillation - Solar dryer - Solar cooker. Photo voltaic devices - Working principle of solar cell. Conversion efficiency - Current-voltage characteristics - Maximum conversion efficiency. Photo voltaic cell for power generation - Solar photo-voltaic arrays - Solar water pumping system - Advantages and disadvantages of photo voltaic solar energy conversion - Applications of solar photo voltaic system.
Wind energy - Power in the wind forces on the blades. Basic components of WECS - Wind data - Energy estimation - Site selection considerations for Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) - Basic components of a WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System) - Rotor. Classification of windmill - Vertical axis windmill - Comparison between horizontal axis and vertical axis wind mills - Windmill for water pumping. Wind turbine - Coefficient of performance (CP) - Windmill for electric power generation (wind turbine) - Components of wind electric conversion system.
Biomass and bio energy - Biomass conversion technologies - Factors affecting bio digestion (or) Generation of gas - Important factors affecting generation of gas. Chemical composition of bio gas - Properties of bio gas - Applications of bio gas - Bio gas plants - Classification of bio gas plant - Continuous type bio gas plant - Batch type bio gas plant. Bio gas plants - Dome and drum type - Advantages and disadvantages of floating drum plant. Principle of fixed dome digester - Fixed dome digester - Advantages and disadvantages of fixed dome type plant - Different variations in the drum type. Capacity of bio gas digester - Starting a bio gas plant - Raw materials - Express bio gas plant capacity - Selection of site for a bio gas plant - Family type bio gas plants available in our country.
Tidal power generation - Tidal energy - Tidal range - The specification of first tidal power plant. Basic principle of tidal power - Components and working of tidal power plant - Components of tidal power plant - Single basin tidal system - Operating methods of utilization of tidal energy - Single basin arrangement - Ocean and pool levels and power generated in a single basin system - Estimate of energy and power in simple single basin tidal system. Double basin system - Double basin system - Estimation of energy and power in a double cycle system. Selection of site for tidal power plant - Site requirements - Advantages and limitations of tidal power generation - Prospects of tidal energy in India
Isolated and integrated operations - Isolated operation - Integrated operation - Comparison of isolated and integrated power system - Process of integrated operation - Voltage Levels - Base load and peak load. Load dispatch - Load dispatching - Types of load dispatch - Functions of load dispatcher. Cost of generation - Cost of electrical energy - Running capital - Comparison of various power plants. Methods of determination of depreciation - Various methods of determination of depreciation. Load curve, load factor, diversity factor and maximum demand - Load curve - Load duration curve - Important terms and factors - Effect of load factor and diversity factor on cost of generation of electrical energy. Combined operation and economics – problems. Problems on variable load on power station – Problems. Tariff – Introduction – Tariff - Desirable characteristics of a tariff - Types of tariff - Maximum demand tariff. TOD tariff - Types of consumer and their tariffs. Effects of power factor and methods of improvement - What is power factor? - Power factor correction - Effect of low power factor on the generating stations - Disadvantages of low power factor - Power factor improvement - Methods of power factor improvement. Problems on Power factor improvement – Problems - Causes of low power factor. Block diagram of combined cycle power plant (CCPP) - Introduction to combined cycle power plants - Block diagram of combined cycle power plant (CCPP). Advantages and application of CCPP - Advantages of combined cycle power plant - Applications of CCPP.
