This learning solution comprises the principle of lighting, energy saving devices, thermodynamic concepts in refrigeration and air-conditioning, heating and welding applications in industry. And also it explains the various properties and equipments used in traction systems.
Introduction of electrical lighting - Nature of light and its propagation. List the factors for selection of particular wiring - Introduction of electrical lighting - Types of lamps - Incandescent lamp - Electric discharge lamp - Sodium vapour discharge lamp - High pressure mercury vapour lamp - M.A.T. type high pressure mercury vapour lamp - M.B. type high pressure mercury vapour lamp - Neon lamp - Fluorescent tubes - Glow type starter - Thermal starter - Halogen lamps - Tungsten halogen lamps. Units of wavelength and definitions of light parameters - Terms and definitions of light parameters. Lamps for different situations and requirements of good lighting - Illumination for different purposes - Street lighting - Flood lighting - Factory lighting - Industrial lighting system - Design of lighting schemes or Requirement of good lighting. Lamp fittings and laws of Illumination - Types of lamp fitting - Laws of illumination. Design and definitions of lighting - Factors used in design of lighting scheme - Design of lighting scheme. Problems based on laws of illumination - problems.
Introduction to electric power saving devices - Need of power saving device. Automatic temperature control circuits - Automatic temperature control circuits for (coolers, geysers, air conditioners, and iron boxes). Automatic illumination control circuits - Automatic illumination control circuits using LDR‘s. CF lamps - Advantages of CF Lamps - Advantages of LED lamps over other types of lamps - Compare LED lamps with tungsten filament lamps - Use of LED lamps in energy Conservation. Magnetic Induction lamps - Introduction - Working of magnetic Induction lamps - Advantages of Remote operated Power devices like TV, Fan, lamps and motors. Energy efficient system - Principles of Energy efficient systems - Advantages of using energy efficient systems. Energy auditing and Management - Concept of energy auditing and Management - Factors considered for STAR rating of various electrical appliances.
Refrigerants- Introduction - Thermodynamic properties - Physical and chemical properties - Classification of refrigerants - Halocarbon compounds - Azeotropes, Inorganic compounds - Secondary refrigerants - Rating and selection criterion of refrigerant - Impact of refrigerants on environment - Green house effect - Global Warming. Refrigeration system - Introduction to refrigeration system - Simple vapour compression refrigeration system - Applications of VCR system - Pressure – enthalpy chart, Temperature – entropy (T-s) chart - Carnot vapour refrigeration cycle - Standard vapour compression refrigeration cycle - Types of compression - Dry compression - Theoretical vapour compression cycle with superheated vapour before compression, Theoretical vapour compression cycle with under cooling or subcooling of refrigerant - Effect of suction pressure - Effect of discharge pressure. Problems on VCR cycle - Problem on VCR cycle. Vapour absorption refrigeration system - Vapour absorption refrigeration system - Absorbent-refrigerant pairs - Desirable properties of refrigerant and absorbent - Simple vapour absorption system, Lithium bromide - water absorption refrigeration system - Comparison between VCR and VAR system. Air conditioning system - Introduction - Air conditioning system, Summer air conditioning system - Winter air conditioning system, Year round air - conditioning system - Central air - conditioning system - Unitary system - Food preservation. Psychrometry - Introduction - Psychrometric terms - Dew point temperature (DPT) - Relative humidity (RH) - Degree of saturation (µ) - Problem on Psychrometry - Psychrometers - Types of Psychrometers - Psychrometric chart - Wet bulb temperature lines - Problem using Psychrometric chart. Psychrometric processes - Psychrometric processes - Sensible heating - Sensible cooling - By - pass factor - Problem on psychrometric process using chart - Humidification and dehumidification - Method of obtaining humidification and dehumidification - Heating and humidification - Heating and dehumidification (Adiabatic chemical dehumidification) - Cooling with adiabatic humidification - Cooling and dehumidification - Mixing of air streams - Heat load estimation - Grand total load on A/C apparatus - Determination of air quantity. Problems on psychrometric processes - Problems on psychrometric processes.
Advantages and requirements of electric heating - Heating - Modes of transfer of heat - Requirements of good heating material - Heating element materials - Classification of electrical heating. Direct and indirect resistance heating - Resistance heating - Applications of direct and indirect resistance heating. Methods of temperature control - Transformer control of resistance furnaces. Electrical arc heating - Arc heating - Indirect arc furnace - Basic circuit for electric arc furnace Principle and operation of induction furnace - Induction heating - Vertical core type induction furnace - Indirect core type induction furnace - Coreless induction furnace - Application of core type induction furnace - Application of coreless induction furnace. Dielectric heating - Dielectric heating - Applications of dielectric heating. Joining processes - Welding process - Types of welding process - Classification of welding process, Position of welding - Welding joints. Gas welding - Types of gas welding - Principle of oxy-acetylene welding - Techniques of oxy-acetylene welding - Oxy-acetylene welding process - Air-acetylene welding - Oxy-hydrogen welding - Equipments used in gas welding - Equipments used in gas welding, Procedure of gas welding - Flame characteristics - Types of flames - Filler materials - Flux. Arc welding - Arc welding, Carbon arc welding - Arc welding equipments - Electrodes in arc welding - Types of electrodes - Function of coating - Electrode coating ingredients and their function - Electrode materials - Electrode manufacturing - Electrode specification - Selection of electrodes. Special arc welding process -Gas metal arc welding - Flux cored arc welding - Submerged arc welding - Electro slag welding - Electro slag gas welding - Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding (TIG-Tungsten inert gas). Resistance welding - Principle of resistance welding - Resistance spot welding - Resistance butt welding - Resistance seam welding - Percussion welding. Special welding process - Plasma arc welding - Thermit welding - Electron Beam Welding (EBW) - Friction welding - Friction stir welding and processing - Difffusion welding. Welding defects - Welding defects.
Introduction of Electric Traction - Electric traction - History of traction system - Advantages of electric traction. Types of Traction Systems - Advantages and disadvantages of Electric Traction - Self-contained vehicles - Electric vehicle fed from the distribution networks - Requirements of an ideal traction system. Different types of Electrification systems - Single phase A.C. system - Composite system - Advantages of single phase to D.C. over other systems. Methods of supplying power to railway trains - Electrical energy fed into railway trains - Factors considered for designing - Overhead conductor rail system - Trolley collector - Bow collector - Pantograph collector - Construction of Overload Tramways and Trolley Buses - Overhead Constructions for Railways - Transmission Lines to Feed the Sub-stations - Feeding and Distributing System - Boosters and Electrolysis by Earth Current - Protective Devices on Tramways and Trolley Buses - Interference in telecommunication circuits. Applications of systems for Railway Electrification - Applications. Introduction to traction motor - D.C. Motor characteristics - Characteristics of traction motor - Problem based on characteristics of traction motor. AC motor characteristics - Single phase AC series motors - single phase series Motor Characteristics - Torque-Speed Characteristics - Series and shunt motor for traction services - Three phase induction motor - Slip torque characteristics of three phase induction motor - Linear Induction Motor - Advantages, Disadvantages - Tractive effort and Horse power of motors.
